When urine is red because of the presence of blood is called the macroscopic hematuria (gross haematuria). Blood in the urine, which is not visible to the naked eye and can be detected only with a microscope or with the help of test strips, called microscopic hematuria (microhematuria).
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Change color in the presence of blood in the urine due to the erythrocytes are red blood cells. Blood in the urine can be either obvious or detected in regular analysis of urine under a microscope.
Hematuria is the presence of blood in urine
Unfortunately, the amount of blood in the urine is not associated with the seriousness of the reasons that caused it. For an elderly person with visible blood in the urine, most likely a serious pathology than a young man with lack of symptoms and the presence of a very minor amount of blood in the urine.
At occurrence of blood in the urine, any person needs careful examination to establish the causes of hematuria.
Causes of blood in the urine
Blood in the urine can get from any Department of the urinary tract, from the kidneys from the top to the bottom of the urethra (the tube that displays the urine from the bladder out of the body).
There is a long list of possible reasons for the appearance of blood in the urine, but most often the infection, stones, tumors or injury.
Man 40 years with painless advent of blood clots in urine is the most likely cause is cancer of the bladder.
In the urinary bladder are three main types of cancer. The mucous membrane of the urinary bladder, ureters and drainage system consists of the kidneys from the cells of the transitional epithelium. It occurs most often transitional cell cancer of the bladder. The cancer is usually called by the name of cells from which it evolved.
Two other types of bladder cancer is adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell bladder cancer is usually found in chronic irritation of the bladder because of the defeat шистозомами (schistosomiasis, defeat bladder worm is a parasite).
Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is rare. The name of this type of bladder cancer is because the tumor contains glandular elements.
Kidney stones
Huntington's disease is the most frequent reason for the appearance of blood in the urine. In the renal сосочках formed salt deposits, which become the nucleus for the formation of stones in the drainage system of the kidneys. Most stones can cause the development of infections. However, there is a type of stones (matrix or infectious stone), which is formed due to the bacteria that break down the urine with the formation of ammonia.
Kidney stones tend to бессимптомному course, but may be the reason for the appearance of blood in the urine due to inflammation or irritation of mucous membrane of the urinary tract. If the stones reach large sizes or block the urinary tract, they can cause severe pain (renal colic).
Urolithiasis is accompanied by the appearance of blood in the urine
Confirms the diagnosis with the help of excretory (intravenous) urography. Treatment for kidney stones usually done using extracorporal shock lithotripsy. However, for the removal of large and complex stones may need surgery.
Tumors of the kidney
Cancer of the renal parenchyma (renal cell carcinoma)
The presence of worm-like clots of blood in the urine is an alarming symptom of kidney cancer
Benign tumors can also cause blood in the urine.
Benign tumors of the kidney create difficulties for diagnostics. They seldom meet, except accidentally identified and usually asymptomatic renal cysts.
Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis. Transitional cell cancer of the drainage system of the kidneys often manifests the presence of blood in the urine.
Determination of causes of blood in the urine may be difficult, need retrograde research and ureteroscopy. The affected area of the kidney are removed or, for a better quality of treatment, the larger size of the tumor, conduct нефруретерэктомию. When identifying metastases with limited success applies immunotherapy. Radiation therapy is used as a palliative treatment bone metastases.
Tumor and blood clots in the pelvis of the kidney
Angiomyolipoma (benign tumor of the kidney contains a large number of blood vessels, and fat tissue is prone to spontaneous bleeding).
Primary tumors of the kidney is renal cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which originate from the lining of the renal tubules. Most often tumors of the kidney are manifested by the presence of blood in the urine, although most kidney cancers detected by chance in ultrasonography. Diagnosis is by computed tomography (CT). Treatment of tumors of kidney surgery. Currently, small tumors can be removed within healthy tissue with preservation of the kidney and its functions.
Adenoma of the prostate may also be the reason for the appearance of blood in the urine
Treatment of prostate adenoma conduct by transurethral resection of the prostate or transvesical prostatectomy. To exclude cancer of the prostate should be checked by the level of prostate specific antibodies. Because prostate cancer can directly cause blood in the urine or infection.
Prostate cancer
The diagnosis of prostate cancer install using a biopsy, which is performed under ultrasound control. Treatment depends on the stage and prognosis of the disease. Radical prostatektome or radiation therapy is carried out on the occasion of tumors restricted to the prostate gland. While advanced disease requires hormone therapy
Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate. Rarely prostatitis also lead to blood in the urine.
Bladder tumors
Of particular importance is the identification of безболевого appearance of blood in the urine, which is associated with the ability to detect early-stage bladder tumors. Risk factors for the development of bladder cancer are Smoking and prolonged contact with aromatic hydrocarbons. It occurs most often transitional cell cancer of the bladder. More rare tumor of the bladder include adenocarcinoma (arising from урахуса) and squamous cell carcinoma (associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder or schistosomiasis).
Treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage and degree of differentiation of the tumor. Approximately 40-70% of bladder tumors are superficial, they should be removed by transurethral resection of the bladder with or without intravesical therapy. For the treatment of invasive bladder tumors use or radical цистэктомию or radiation therapy. Bladder cancer with metastasis can answer systemic chemotherapy.
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